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Historical Marine data from the Global South (1720-1730)
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📨 Received (616) 📤 Sent (569) 🐟 Fish (538) 🦐 Invertebrates (266) 🐋 Marine Mammals (178) 🎣 Fishing (389) 🍳 Consumption (142) 💰 Price (25) 🌿 Tamarind (1) 🧂 Salting (102) ☀️ Drying (9) 🎯 Fishing Nets (38)
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📍 Showing 616 locations on map (from 616 total records)
Found 616 records - Filters: ReferenceType: Received
Showing records 61 - 80 of 616
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Pisces - "Fish"

ID: 61 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Vernacular Name: Fish
Scientific Name: Pisces
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing Techniques & Equipment
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Dicentrarchus labrax - "Sea Bass" - [FR: Bar]

ID: 62 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Bar
Vernacular Name: Sea Bass
Scientific Name: Dicentrarchus labrax
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre [?], bicoude [?], large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Mullus surmuletus - "Red Mullet" - [FR: Rouget]

ID: 63 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Rouget
Vernacular Name: Red Mullet
Scientific Name: Mullus surmuletus
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre [?], bicoude [?], large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Batoidea - "Ray" - [FR: Raie]

ID: 64 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Raie
Vernacular Name: Ray
Scientific Name: Batoidea
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre [?], bicoude [?], large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Decapoda - "Shrimp" - [FR: Crevette]

ID: 65 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Crevette
Vernacular Name: Shrimp
Scientific Name: Decapoda
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre [?], bicoude [?], large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Carangidae - "Trevally" - [FR: Cangre]

ID: 66 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cangre
Vernacular Name: Trevally
Scientific Name: Carangidae
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre [?], bicoude [?], large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Pisces - "Fish"

ID: 67 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Vernacular Name: Fish
Scientific Name: Pisces
Location: Coromandel Coast, East India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Oyster" - [FR: Huitre]

ID: 68 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Huitre
Vernacular Name: Oyster
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Pisces - "Fish"

ID: 69 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Vernacular Name: Fish
Scientific Name: Pisces
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing Techniques & Equipment
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Pisces - "Fish"

ID: 70 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Vernacular Name: Fish
Scientific Name: Pisces
Location: Pondicherry, Bay of Bengal
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing Techniques & Equipment
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Oyster" - [FR: Huitre]

ID: 71 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Huitre
Vernacular Name: Oyster
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Pondicherry, Bay of Bengal
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Oyster" - [FR: Huitre]

ID: 72 | ID2: 6
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Huitre
Vernacular Name: Oyster
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Kollidam Estuary, South-Eastern India
Region: West Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat.
📖 Full Translated Text:
They have only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a palm-leaf cap in which they put their letters when they board ships. The Dutch in Nagapattinam send these catamarans to carry letters to their trading posts in Sadras and Machilipatnam. To make good time in the south winds, they sail day and night, landing whenever they want in the middle of the breakers. All along the Coromandel coast, they have boats called Chelingue for unloading ships. These are boats with flat bottoms and raised ends. All the planks are sewn or tied together with coconut fibre, which is a rope made from coconut bark. These boats have no nails and can withstand the waves, passing through the breakers and running aground without breaking. These chelingues are manned by eight to nine men, depending on the size of their rudder, and have a large oar with a blade wider than normal oars. From Machilipatnam to Madras, catamarans leave the rivers and coasts all year round to go fishing at sea. They fish with nets and lines attached to the catamaran, which they lift from time to time. They catch different kinds of fish such as sea bass, mullet, pampre, bicoude, large and small rays, shrimp, caranguese and many other different fish. The entire Coromandel coast is quite rich in fish all year round. Bengal is not abundant in fish. On fish days, the meat is poor. In Madras, they have small oysters that are good to eat. As there are many ships in the harbour and a lot of cooked rice and tripe are thrown overboard, this attracts fish, which is cheap and a great help to the inhabitants. From Madras to Pondicherry, the same fish are caught all year round. In Pondicherry, they lease the river fishing rights. Only line fishing is allowed there. Those who have leased the rights fish three or four times a year, blocking the river with a wooden and earthen barrier at the top and bottom of the river's width. Then they move the barriers forward little by little, trapping the fish in a place where there is little water, where they can easily catch them and sell them to the locals, who salt them. In Pondicherry, they fish in the sea with a very large net that has a long handle. The catamarans go out to sea, set the net, and gradually bring it closer to shore, pulling it ashore with many different fish, large and small. In Pondicherry, they have small oysters in the river that are good. From Pondicherry to Fort Saint-David, they fish for the same thing. From Fort Saint-David to Portenavela, the same thing. From Portenave to Coleron along the coast, the same thing. In the Coleron River, there are many small oysters that are good to eat. From Coleron, Tranquebar, Naour to Nagappattinam, the same thing. The Dutch in Nagappattinam buy chagrin skins from fishermen for three pagodas per hundred and above.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (6)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Batoidea - "Ray" - [FR: Raie]

ID: 73 | ID2: 7
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Raie
Vernacular Name: Ray
Scientific Name: Batoidea
Location: Bay of Bengal
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Trade & Commerce
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The Dutch import rays caught in Bengal to Siam.
📖 Full Translated Text:
rays that are the same as those brought to Japan. The Dutch also import them from Siam. From Nagappattinam to Adirampattinam, which is in Mannardont Bay, Ceylon is on one side and Taniaur and Malavade on the other, forming a bay 15 leagues wide where the sea is very beautiful, sheltered by Ceylon inside the point of Nagappattinam on the side of Taniauret Malava?, half a a mile from the shore, there are many different types of seaweed, which we can see from the judge's position, meaning that there is seaweed all along the coast. In this seaweed, there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges. It is a pleasure to sail with the fishing boats in this seaweed. Adirampattinam, which is a settlement of Taniaur. Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars. They often come to Nagappattinam and Tranquebar. They fish for small clams that are found in this bay as far as Toutoucouvin. The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round. The fishermen go out in two boats, with seven or eight men in each boat. The two boats move a little away from each other, drifting with the tide or the current. These fishermen are all naked, with only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a net bag around their waist. Three or four people jump from the two boats and search the bottom for clams, which they put in their nets. When they have been there for a while, they come back up and grab hold of the boat to rest. The others take turns doing the same thing. They spend half a day diving, then go ashore to sell their shellfish. After diving several times, their eyes are red as blood. They go fishing there for several days. These shellfish are sold for three pagodas per thousand in the local market, which is 9 Madras rupees. The first type in proportion. The others are transported to Bengal every year, one hundred to two thousand. They are sold in Bengal for three to four rupees per hundred. The first type. The others in proportion. Throughout this bay, Chanques are fished as far as the Strait of Mannar, which is the tip of Ceylon, and the mainland called Ram Ramesetu, sixty leagues from Adirampattinam. Every two leagues there are villages whose inhabitants are exclusively Chanques and fish fishermen. As the sea is beautiful, they go fishing every day. They have nets of a hundred fathoms which they spread out and attach large buoys to. At night and in the morning, they pull up their nets with lots of fish. During the day, they do the same. In the months of October, November, December, January and February, the north wind pushes the fish into this bay. Each household assembles several boats and joins five or six hundred fathoms, extending them far out to sea and gradually bringing them closer to land, where they bring in a lot of fish and large fish of different kinds, the names of which I do not know, but I have seen this fishing. The livers of these large fish weigh 15 to 20 pounds, which they melt to extract oil for boiling all the fish. They salt it like green cod, which they sell for two to three rupees per fish, and it is very cheap in this bay, along with all kinds of fish, such as sole, mullet, sea bass, ray, eel, shrimp, trevally [?], pampres [?], sea bream, and many others.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (7)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Batoidea - "Ray" - [FR: Raie]

ID: 74 | ID2: 7
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Raie
Vernacular Name: Ray
Scientific Name: Batoidea
Location: Bay of Bengal
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Trade & Commerce
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The Dutch import rays caught in Bengal to Japan.
📖 Full Translated Text:
rays that are the same as those brought to Japan. The Dutch also import them from Siam. From Nagappattinam to Adirampattinam, which is in Mannardont Bay, Ceylon is on one side and Taniaur and Malavade on the other, forming a bay 15 leagues wide where the sea is very beautiful, sheltered by Ceylon inside the point of Nagappattinam on the side of Taniauret Malava?, half a a mile from the shore, there are many different types of seaweed, which we can see from the judge's position, meaning that there is seaweed all along the coast. In this seaweed, there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges. It is a pleasure to sail with the fishing boats in this seaweed. Adirampattinam, which is a settlement of Taniaur. Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars. They often come to Nagappattinam and Tranquebar. They fish for small clams that are found in this bay as far as Toutoucouvin. The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round. The fishermen go out in two boats, with seven or eight men in each boat. The two boats move a little away from each other, drifting with the tide or the current. These fishermen are all naked, with only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a net bag around their waist. Three or four people jump from the two boats and search the bottom for clams, which they put in their nets. When they have been there for a while, they come back up and grab hold of the boat to rest. The others take turns doing the same thing. They spend half a day diving, then go ashore to sell their shellfish. After diving several times, their eyes are red as blood. They go fishing there for several days. These shellfish are sold for three pagodas per thousand in the local market, which is 9 Madras rupees. The first type in proportion. The others are transported to Bengal every year, one hundred to two thousand. They are sold in Bengal for three to four rupees per hundred. The first type. The others in proportion. Throughout this bay, Chanques are fished as far as the Strait of Mannar, which is the tip of Ceylon, and the mainland called Ram Ramesetu, sixty leagues from Adirampattinam. Every two leagues there are villages whose inhabitants are exclusively Chanques and fish fishermen. As the sea is beautiful, they go fishing every day. They have nets of a hundred fathoms which they spread out and attach large buoys to. At night and in the morning, they pull up their nets with lots of fish. During the day, they do the same. In the months of October, November, December, January and February, the north wind pushes the fish into this bay. Each household assembles several boats and joins five or six hundred fathoms, extending them far out to sea and gradually bringing them closer to land, where they bring in a lot of fish and large fish of different kinds, the names of which I do not know, but I have seen this fishing. The livers of these large fish weigh 15 to 20 pounds, which they melt to extract oil for boiling all the fish. They salt it like green cod, which they sell for two to three rupees per fish, and it is very cheap in this bay, along with all kinds of fish, such as sole, mullet, sea bass, ray, eel, shrimp, trevally [?], pampres [?], sea bream, and many others.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (7)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

"Seaweed" - [FR: Algue]

ID: 75 | ID2: 7
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Algue
Vernacular Name: Seaweed
Location: Tamil Nadu, India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
There is seaweed all along the coast.
📖 Full Translated Text:
rays that are the same as those brought to Japan. The Dutch also import them from Siam. From Nagappattinam to Adirampattinam, which is in Mannardont Bay, Ceylon is on one side and Taniaur and Malavade on the other, forming a bay 15 leagues wide where the sea is very beautiful, sheltered by Ceylon inside the point of Nagappattinam on the side of Taniauret Malava?, half a a mile from the shore, there are many different types of seaweed, which we can see from the judge's position, meaning that there is seaweed all along the coast. In this seaweed, there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges. It is a pleasure to sail with the fishing boats in this seaweed. Adirampattinam, which is a settlement of Taniaur. Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars. They often come to Nagappattinam and Tranquebar. They fish for small clams that are found in this bay as far as Toutoucouvin. The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round. The fishermen go out in two boats, with seven or eight men in each boat. The two boats move a little away from each other, drifting with the tide or the current. These fishermen are all naked, with only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a net bag around their waist. Three or four people jump from the two boats and search the bottom for clams, which they put in their nets. When they have been there for a while, they come back up and grab hold of the boat to rest. The others take turns doing the same thing. They spend half a day diving, then go ashore to sell their shellfish. After diving several times, their eyes are red as blood. They go fishing there for several days. These shellfish are sold for three pagodas per thousand in the local market, which is 9 Madras rupees. The first type in proportion. The others are transported to Bengal every year, one hundred to two thousand. They are sold in Bengal for three to four rupees per hundred. The first type. The others in proportion. Throughout this bay, Chanques are fished as far as the Strait of Mannar, which is the tip of Ceylon, and the mainland called Ram Ramesetu, sixty leagues from Adirampattinam. Every two leagues there are villages whose inhabitants are exclusively Chanques and fish fishermen. As the sea is beautiful, they go fishing every day. They have nets of a hundred fathoms which they spread out and attach large buoys to. At night and in the morning, they pull up their nets with lots of fish. During the day, they do the same. In the months of October, November, December, January and February, the north wind pushes the fish into this bay. Each household assembles several boats and joins five or six hundred fathoms, extending them far out to sea and gradually bringing them closer to land, where they bring in a lot of fish and large fish of different kinds, the names of which I do not know, but I have seen this fishing. The livers of these large fish weigh 15 to 20 pounds, which they melt to extract oil for boiling all the fish. They salt it like green cod, which they sell for two to three rupees per fish, and it is very cheap in this bay, along with all kinds of fish, such as sole, mullet, sea bass, ray, eel, shrimp, trevally [?], pampres [?], sea bream, and many others.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (7)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Mollusca - "Shellfish" - [FR: Coquillage]

ID: 76 | ID2: 7
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Coquillage
Vernacular Name: Shellfish
Scientific Name: Mollusca
Location: Tamil Nadu, India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges
📖 Full Translated Text:
rays that are the same as those brought to Japan. The Dutch also import them from Siam. From Nagappattinam to Adirampattinam, which is in Mannardont Bay, Ceylon is on one side and Taniaur and Malavade on the other, forming a bay 15 leagues wide where the sea is very beautiful, sheltered by Ceylon inside the point of Nagappattinam on the side of Taniauret Malava?, half a a mile from the shore, there are many different types of seaweed, which we can see from the judge's position, meaning that there is seaweed all along the coast. In this seaweed, there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges. It is a pleasure to sail with the fishing boats in this seaweed. Adirampattinam, which is a settlement of Taniaur. Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars. They often come to Nagappattinam and Tranquebar. They fish for small clams that are found in this bay as far as Toutoucouvin. The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round. The fishermen go out in two boats, with seven or eight men in each boat. The two boats move a little away from each other, drifting with the tide or the current. These fishermen are all naked, with only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a net bag around their waist. Three or four people jump from the two boats and search the bottom for clams, which they put in their nets. When they have been there for a while, they come back up and grab hold of the boat to rest. The others take turns doing the same thing. They spend half a day diving, then go ashore to sell their shellfish. After diving several times, their eyes are red as blood. They go fishing there for several days. These shellfish are sold for three pagodas per thousand in the local market, which is 9 Madras rupees. The first type in proportion. The others are transported to Bengal every year, one hundred to two thousand. They are sold in Bengal for three to four rupees per hundred. The first type. The others in proportion. Throughout this bay, Chanques are fished as far as the Strait of Mannar, which is the tip of Ceylon, and the mainland called Ram Ramesetu, sixty leagues from Adirampattinam. Every two leagues there are villages whose inhabitants are exclusively Chanques and fish fishermen. As the sea is beautiful, they go fishing every day. They have nets of a hundred fathoms which they spread out and attach large buoys to. At night and in the morning, they pull up their nets with lots of fish. During the day, they do the same. In the months of October, November, December, January and February, the north wind pushes the fish into this bay. Each household assembles several boats and joins five or six hundred fathoms, extending them far out to sea and gradually bringing them closer to land, where they bring in a lot of fish and large fish of different kinds, the names of which I do not know, but I have seen this fishing. The livers of these large fish weigh 15 to 20 pounds, which they melt to extract oil for boiling all the fish. They salt it like green cod, which they sell for two to three rupees per fish, and it is very cheap in this bay, along with all kinds of fish, such as sole, mullet, sea bass, ray, eel, shrimp, trevally [?], pampres [?], sea bream, and many others.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (7)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Porifera - "Sea Sponge" - [FR: Eponge]

ID: 77 | ID2: 7
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Eponge
Vernacular Name: Sea Sponge
Scientific Name: Porifera
Location: Tamil Nadu, India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges
📖 Full Translated Text:
rays that are the same as those brought to Japan. The Dutch also import them from Siam. From Nagappattinam to Adirampattinam, which is in Mannardont Bay, Ceylon is on one side and Taniaur and Malavade on the other, forming a bay 15 leagues wide where the sea is very beautiful, sheltered by Ceylon inside the point of Nagappattinam on the side of Taniauret Malava?, half a a mile from the shore, there are many different types of seaweed, which we can see from the judge's position, meaning that there is seaweed all along the coast. In this seaweed, there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges. It is a pleasure to sail with the fishing boats in this seaweed. Adirampattinam, which is a settlement of Taniaur. Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars. They often come to Nagappattinam and Tranquebar. They fish for small clams that are found in this bay as far as Toutoucouvin. The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round. The fishermen go out in two boats, with seven or eight men in each boat. The two boats move a little away from each other, drifting with the tide or the current. These fishermen are all naked, with only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a net bag around their waist. Three or four people jump from the two boats and search the bottom for clams, which they put in their nets. When they have been there for a while, they come back up and grab hold of the boat to rest. The others take turns doing the same thing. They spend half a day diving, then go ashore to sell their shellfish. After diving several times, their eyes are red as blood. They go fishing there for several days. These shellfish are sold for three pagodas per thousand in the local market, which is 9 Madras rupees. The first type in proportion. The others are transported to Bengal every year, one hundred to two thousand. They are sold in Bengal for three to four rupees per hundred. The first type. The others in proportion. Throughout this bay, Chanques are fished as far as the Strait of Mannar, which is the tip of Ceylon, and the mainland called Ram Ramesetu, sixty leagues from Adirampattinam. Every two leagues there are villages whose inhabitants are exclusively Chanques and fish fishermen. As the sea is beautiful, they go fishing every day. They have nets of a hundred fathoms which they spread out and attach large buoys to. At night and in the morning, they pull up their nets with lots of fish. During the day, they do the same. In the months of October, November, December, January and February, the north wind pushes the fish into this bay. Each household assembles several boats and joins five or six hundred fathoms, extending them far out to sea and gradually bringing them closer to land, where they bring in a lot of fish and large fish of different kinds, the names of which I do not know, but I have seen this fishing. The livers of these large fish weigh 15 to 20 pounds, which they melt to extract oil for boiling all the fish. They salt it like green cod, which they sell for two to three rupees per fish, and it is very cheap in this bay, along with all kinds of fish, such as sole, mullet, sea bass, ray, eel, shrimp, trevally [?], pampres [?], sea bream, and many others.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (7)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Pisces - "Fish"

ID: 78 | ID2: 7
Document Type: Received
Vernacular Name: Fish
Scientific Name: Pisces
Location: Tamil Nadu, India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing Techniques & Equipment
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars.
📖 Full Translated Text:
rays that are the same as those brought to Japan. The Dutch also import them from Siam. From Nagappattinam to Adirampattinam, which is in Mannardont Bay, Ceylon is on one side and Taniaur and Malavade on the other, forming a bay 15 leagues wide where the sea is very beautiful, sheltered by Ceylon inside the point of Nagappattinam on the side of Taniauret Malava?, half a a mile from the shore, there are many different types of seaweed, which we can see from the judge's position, meaning that there is seaweed all along the coast. In this seaweed, there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges. It is a pleasure to sail with the fishing boats in this seaweed. Adirampattinam, which is a settlement of Taniaur. Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars. They often come to Nagappattinam and Tranquebar. They fish for small clams that are found in this bay as far as Toutoucouvin. The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round. The fishermen go out in two boats, with seven or eight men in each boat. The two boats move a little away from each other, drifting with the tide or the current. These fishermen are all naked, with only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a net bag around their waist. Three or four people jump from the two boats and search the bottom for clams, which they put in their nets. When they have been there for a while, they come back up and grab hold of the boat to rest. The others take turns doing the same thing. They spend half a day diving, then go ashore to sell their shellfish. After diving several times, their eyes are red as blood. They go fishing there for several days. These shellfish are sold for three pagodas per thousand in the local market, which is 9 Madras rupees. The first type in proportion. The others are transported to Bengal every year, one hundred to two thousand. They are sold in Bengal for three to four rupees per hundred. The first type. The others in proportion. Throughout this bay, Chanques are fished as far as the Strait of Mannar, which is the tip of Ceylon, and the mainland called Ram Ramesetu, sixty leagues from Adirampattinam. Every two leagues there are villages whose inhabitants are exclusively Chanques and fish fishermen. As the sea is beautiful, they go fishing every day. They have nets of a hundred fathoms which they spread out and attach large buoys to. At night and in the morning, they pull up their nets with lots of fish. During the day, they do the same. In the months of October, November, December, January and February, the north wind pushes the fish into this bay. Each household assembles several boats and joins five or six hundred fathoms, extending them far out to sea and gradually bringing them closer to land, where they bring in a lot of fish and large fish of different kinds, the names of which I do not know, but I have seen this fishing. The livers of these large fish weigh 15 to 20 pounds, which they melt to extract oil for boiling all the fish. They salt it like green cod, which they sell for two to three rupees per fish, and it is very cheap in this bay, along with all kinds of fish, such as sole, mullet, sea bass, ray, eel, shrimp, trevally [?], pampres [?], sea bream, and many others.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (7)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Mercenaria mercenaria - "Clam" - [FR: Chanque]

ID: 79 | ID2: 7
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Chanque
Vernacular Name: Clam
Scientific Name: Mercenaria mercenaria
Location: Tamil Nadu, India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
They fish for small clams that are found in this bay [...] The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round.
📖 Full Translated Text:
rays that are the same as those brought to Japan. The Dutch also import them from Siam. From Nagappattinam to Adirampattinam, which is in Mannardont Bay, Ceylon is on one side and Taniaur and Malavade on the other, forming a bay 15 leagues wide where the sea is very beautiful, sheltered by Ceylon inside the point of Nagappattinam on the side of Taniauret Malava?, half a a mile from the shore, there are many different types of seaweed, which we can see from the judge's position, meaning that there is seaweed all along the coast. In this seaweed, there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges. It is a pleasure to sail with the fishing boats in this seaweed. Adirampattinam, which is a settlement of Taniaur. Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars. They often come to Nagappattinam and Tranquebar. They fish for small clams that are found in this bay as far as Toutoucouvin. The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round. The fishermen go out in two boats, with seven or eight men in each boat. The two boats move a little away from each other, drifting with the tide or the current. These fishermen are all naked, with only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a net bag around their waist. Three or four people jump from the two boats and search the bottom for clams, which they put in their nets. When they have been there for a while, they come back up and grab hold of the boat to rest. The others take turns doing the same thing. They spend half a day diving, then go ashore to sell their shellfish. After diving several times, their eyes are red as blood. They go fishing there for several days. These shellfish are sold for three pagodas per thousand in the local market, which is 9 Madras rupees. The first type in proportion. The others are transported to Bengal every year, one hundred to two thousand. They are sold in Bengal for three to four rupees per hundred. The first type. The others in proportion. Throughout this bay, Chanques are fished as far as the Strait of Mannar, which is the tip of Ceylon, and the mainland called Ram Ramesetu, sixty leagues from Adirampattinam. Every two leagues there are villages whose inhabitants are exclusively Chanques and fish fishermen. As the sea is beautiful, they go fishing every day. They have nets of a hundred fathoms which they spread out and attach large buoys to. At night and in the morning, they pull up their nets with lots of fish. During the day, they do the same. In the months of October, November, December, January and February, the north wind pushes the fish into this bay. Each household assembles several boats and joins five or six hundred fathoms, extending them far out to sea and gradually bringing them closer to land, where they bring in a lot of fish and large fish of different kinds, the names of which I do not know, but I have seen this fishing. The livers of these large fish weigh 15 to 20 pounds, which they melt to extract oil for boiling all the fish. They salt it like green cod, which they sell for two to three rupees per fish, and it is very cheap in this bay, along with all kinds of fish, such as sole, mullet, sea bass, ray, eel, shrimp, trevally [?], pampres [?], sea bream, and many others.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (7)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Mercenaria mercenaria - "Clam" - [FR: Chanque]

ID: 80 | ID2: 7
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Chanque
Vernacular Name: Clam
Scientific Name: Mercenaria mercenaria
Location: Tamil Nadu, India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round.
📖 Full Translated Text:
rays that are the same as those brought to Japan. The Dutch also import them from Siam. From Nagappattinam to Adirampattinam, which is in Mannardont Bay, Ceylon is on one side and Taniaur and Malavade on the other, forming a bay 15 leagues wide where the sea is very beautiful, sheltered by Ceylon inside the point of Nagappattinam on the side of Taniauret Malava?, half a a mile from the shore, there are many different types of seaweed, which we can see from the judge's position, meaning that there is seaweed all along the coast. In this seaweed, there are many different types of shells that wash ashore and large sponges. It is a pleasure to sail with the fishing boats in this seaweed. Adirampattinam, which is a settlement of Taniaur. Almost all of them are fishermen. Their boats are like galleys and very long, designed to carry four to five barrels, but they are good boats. They have a narrow, very high sail and oars. They often come to Nagappattinam and Tranquebar. They fish for small clams that are found in this bay as far as Toutoucouvin. The clams are large shells, as big as a fist. The large ones are twice as big. These shells are found in three or four fathoms of water. They fish for these shells all year round. The fishermen go out in two boats, with seven or eight men in each boat. The two boats move a little away from each other, drifting with the tide or the current. These fishermen are all naked, with only a piece of cloth to cover their nakedness and a net bag around their waist. Three or four people jump from the two boats and search the bottom for clams, which they put in their nets. When they have been there for a while, they come back up and grab hold of the boat to rest. The others take turns doing the same thing. They spend half a day diving, then go ashore to sell their shellfish. After diving several times, their eyes are red as blood. They go fishing there for several days. These shellfish are sold for three pagodas per thousand in the local market, which is 9 Madras rupees. The first type in proportion. The others are transported to Bengal every year, one hundred to two thousand. They are sold in Bengal for three to four rupees per hundred. The first type. The others in proportion. Throughout this bay, Chanques are fished as far as the Strait of Mannar, which is the tip of Ceylon, and the mainland called Ram Ramesetu, sixty leagues from Adirampattinam. Every two leagues there are villages whose inhabitants are exclusively Chanques and fish fishermen. As the sea is beautiful, they go fishing every day. They have nets of a hundred fathoms which they spread out and attach large buoys to. At night and in the morning, they pull up their nets with lots of fish. During the day, they do the same. In the months of October, November, December, January and February, the north wind pushes the fish into this bay. Each household assembles several boats and joins five or six hundred fathoms, extending them far out to sea and gradually bringing them closer to land, where they bring in a lot of fish and large fish of different kinds, the names of which I do not know, but I have seen this fishing. The livers of these large fish weigh 15 to 20 pounds, which they melt to extract oil for boiling all the fish. They salt it like green cod, which they sell for two to three rupees per fish, and it is very cheap in this bay, along with all kinds of fish, such as sole, mullet, sea bass, ray, eel, shrimp, trevally [?], pampres [?], sea bream, and many others.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (7)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗