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Historical Marine data from the Global South (1720-1730)
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📨 Received (616) 📤 Sent (569) 🐟 Fish (538) 🦐 Invertebrates (266) 🐋 Marine Mammals (178) 🎣 Fishing (389) 🍳 Consumption (142) 💰 Price (25) 🌿 Tamarind (1) 🧂 Salting (102) ☀️ Drying (9) 🎯 Fishing Nets (38)
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📍 Showing 266 locations on map (from 266 total records)
Found 266 records - Filters: TaxonType: Invertebrate
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Mercenaria mercenaria - "Clam" - [FR: Chanque]

ID: 99 | ID2: 8
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Chanque
Vernacular Name: Clam
Scientific Name: Mercenaria mercenaria
Location: Bay of Bengal
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Price
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The Dutch Company and private individuals bring them to Bengal, forty to fifty thousand every year. Sometimes a hundred thousand. They sell for 16 rupees per hundred in Bengal. If the Dutch Company bought them all, it could make more than a hundred thousand, but it only sells about half of what it buys from the fishermen.
📖 Full Translated Text:
other fish whose names I do not know, having spent only a few days on this coast. At the bottom of this bay, the tip of Ceylon is on one side and on the other, the lands of Raja Ram Ramesetuou Malava form a strait called the Mannar Strait. The seabed is rocky. There is only eight to nine feet of water when boats come from the Malabar coast to go to the Coromandel coast. They pass through this strait to avoid the route on the other side of the strait to the south and the bay of Toutoucouvin, where pearls were once fished. There has been no fishing for fifteen years. The sandbar has become covered with sand and killed the oysters. The Dutch are the masters of this fishery. They have several trading posts on this coast. Fishermen who go fishing for large chanques can only sell them to the Dutch at a low price and are strictly forbidden from selling to others under penalty of punishment. Large chanques are called janguis. The Dutch Company and private individuals bring them to Bengal, forty to fifty thousand every year. Sometimes a hundred thousand. They sell for 16 rupees per hundred in Bengal. If the Dutch Company bought them all, it could make more than a hundred thousand, but it only sells about half of what it buys from the fishermen. Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine. When the Dutch went pearl fishing every two or three years, they would notify all the fishermen on the coast of Malabar, Toutoucouvin, Malava and Coromandel to come. In January, they would go pearl fishing. Several fishermen would get together in their boats and go to Toutoucouvin. Those who did not have boats were provided with them by the company and anchored their boats at intervals. The divers have a weight attached to a strong rope from the boat to help them reach the bottom. There are four or five fathoms of water, and when the diver has collected enough oysters, he signals by pulling on the rope. Those in the boat pay attention, pull the diver up, and put the oysters in the boat. In the evening, they go ashore and sell two-thirds of their oysters to the [Dutch] company. Merchants buy these oysters at random, leaving them in the sun to open, and then extract the pearls. I do not know the value of this catch. The pearls are not as good or as beautiful as those from Bahrain in the Gulf of Pearls near this island. The fishing takes place every year and the oysters are taken to Surat to be sold, sorted and drilled. Like most of Ceylon, the shores are rocky. Ambergris is collected there as it comes loose from the rocks, but I do not know how much is collected. It is good quality.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (8)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Mother Of Pearl" - [FR: Nacre]

ID: 100 | ID2: 8
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Nacre
Vernacular Name: Mother Of Pearl
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Coromandel Coast, East India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine.
📖 Full Translated Text:
other fish whose names I do not know, having spent only a few days on this coast. At the bottom of this bay, the tip of Ceylon is on one side and on the other, the lands of Raja Ram Ramesetuou Malava form a strait called the Mannar Strait. The seabed is rocky. There is only eight to nine feet of water when boats come from the Malabar coast to go to the Coromandel coast. They pass through this strait to avoid the route on the other side of the strait to the south and the bay of Toutoucouvin, where pearls were once fished. There has been no fishing for fifteen years. The sandbar has become covered with sand and killed the oysters. The Dutch are the masters of this fishery. They have several trading posts on this coast. Fishermen who go fishing for large chanques can only sell them to the Dutch at a low price and are strictly forbidden from selling to others under penalty of punishment. Large chanques are called janguis. The Dutch Company and private individuals bring them to Bengal, forty to fifty thousand every year. Sometimes a hundred thousand. They sell for 16 rupees per hundred in Bengal. If the Dutch Company bought them all, it could make more than a hundred thousand, but it only sells about half of what it buys from the fishermen. Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine. When the Dutch went pearl fishing every two or three years, they would notify all the fishermen on the coast of Malabar, Toutoucouvin, Malava and Coromandel to come. In January, they would go pearl fishing. Several fishermen would get together in their boats and go to Toutoucouvin. Those who did not have boats were provided with them by the company and anchored their boats at intervals. The divers have a weight attached to a strong rope from the boat to help them reach the bottom. There are four or five fathoms of water, and when the diver has collected enough oysters, he signals by pulling on the rope. Those in the boat pay attention, pull the diver up, and put the oysters in the boat. In the evening, they go ashore and sell two-thirds of their oysters to the [Dutch] company. Merchants buy these oysters at random, leaving them in the sun to open, and then extract the pearls. I do not know the value of this catch. The pearls are not as good or as beautiful as those from Bahrain in the Gulf of Pearls near this island. The fishing takes place every year and the oysters are taken to Surat to be sold, sorted and drilled. Like most of Ceylon, the shores are rocky. Ambergris is collected there as it comes loose from the rocks, but I do not know how much is collected. It is good quality.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (8)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Mother Of Pearl" - [FR: Nacre]

ID: 101 | ID2: 8
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Nacre
Vernacular Name: Mother Of Pearl
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Coromandel Coast, East India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Consumption, Use & Preparations
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine.
📖 Full Translated Text:
other fish whose names I do not know, having spent only a few days on this coast. At the bottom of this bay, the tip of Ceylon is on one side and on the other, the lands of Raja Ram Ramesetuou Malava form a strait called the Mannar Strait. The seabed is rocky. There is only eight to nine feet of water when boats come from the Malabar coast to go to the Coromandel coast. They pass through this strait to avoid the route on the other side of the strait to the south and the bay of Toutoucouvin, where pearls were once fished. There has been no fishing for fifteen years. The sandbar has become covered with sand and killed the oysters. The Dutch are the masters of this fishery. They have several trading posts on this coast. Fishermen who go fishing for large chanques can only sell them to the Dutch at a low price and are strictly forbidden from selling to others under penalty of punishment. Large chanques are called janguis. The Dutch Company and private individuals bring them to Bengal, forty to fifty thousand every year. Sometimes a hundred thousand. They sell for 16 rupees per hundred in Bengal. If the Dutch Company bought them all, it could make more than a hundred thousand, but it only sells about half of what it buys from the fishermen. Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine. When the Dutch went pearl fishing every two or three years, they would notify all the fishermen on the coast of Malabar, Toutoucouvin, Malava and Coromandel to come. In January, they would go pearl fishing. Several fishermen would get together in their boats and go to Toutoucouvin. Those who did not have boats were provided with them by the company and anchored their boats at intervals. The divers have a weight attached to a strong rope from the boat to help them reach the bottom. There are four or five fathoms of water, and when the diver has collected enough oysters, he signals by pulling on the rope. Those in the boat pay attention, pull the diver up, and put the oysters in the boat. In the evening, they go ashore and sell two-thirds of their oysters to the [Dutch] company. Merchants buy these oysters at random, leaving them in the sun to open, and then extract the pearls. I do not know the value of this catch. The pearls are not as good or as beautiful as those from Bahrain in the Gulf of Pearls near this island. The fishing takes place every year and the oysters are taken to Surat to be sold, sorted and drilled. Like most of Ceylon, the shores are rocky. Ambergris is collected there as it comes loose from the rocks, but I do not know how much is collected. It is good quality.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (8)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Pearl Oyster" - [FR: Perle]

ID: 102 | ID2: 8
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Perle
Vernacular Name: Pearl Oyster
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Coromandel Coast, East India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing Techniques & Equipment
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The divers have a weight attached to a strong rope from the boat to help them reach the bottom. There are four or five fathoms of water, and when the diver has collected enough oysters, he signals by pulling on the rope. Those in the boat pay attention, pull the diver up, and put the oysters in the boat.
📖 Full Translated Text:
other fish whose names I do not know, having spent only a few days on this coast. At the bottom of this bay, the tip of Ceylon is on one side and on the other, the lands of Raja Ram Ramesetuou Malava form a strait called the Mannar Strait. The seabed is rocky. There is only eight to nine feet of water when boats come from the Malabar coast to go to the Coromandel coast. They pass through this strait to avoid the route on the other side of the strait to the south and the bay of Toutoucouvin, where pearls were once fished. There has been no fishing for fifteen years. The sandbar has become covered with sand and killed the oysters. The Dutch are the masters of this fishery. They have several trading posts on this coast. Fishermen who go fishing for large chanques can only sell them to the Dutch at a low price and are strictly forbidden from selling to others under penalty of punishment. Large chanques are called janguis. The Dutch Company and private individuals bring them to Bengal, forty to fifty thousand every year. Sometimes a hundred thousand. They sell for 16 rupees per hundred in Bengal. If the Dutch Company bought them all, it could make more than a hundred thousand, but it only sells about half of what it buys from the fishermen. Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine. When the Dutch went pearl fishing every two or three years, they would notify all the fishermen on the coast of Malabar, Toutoucouvin, Malava and Coromandel to come. In January, they would go pearl fishing. Several fishermen would get together in their boats and go to Toutoucouvin. Those who did not have boats were provided with them by the company and anchored their boats at intervals. The divers have a weight attached to a strong rope from the boat to help them reach the bottom. There are four or five fathoms of water, and when the diver has collected enough oysters, he signals by pulling on the rope. Those in the boat pay attention, pull the diver up, and put the oysters in the boat. In the evening, they go ashore and sell two-thirds of their oysters to the [Dutch] company. Merchants buy these oysters at random, leaving them in the sun to open, and then extract the pearls. I do not know the value of this catch. The pearls are not as good or as beautiful as those from Bahrain in the Gulf of Pearls near this island. The fishing takes place every year and the oysters are taken to Surat to be sold, sorted and drilled. Like most of Ceylon, the shores are rocky. Ambergris is collected there as it comes loose from the rocks, but I do not know how much is collected. It is good quality.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (8)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Pearl Oyster" - [FR: Perle]

ID: 103 | ID2: 8
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Perle
Vernacular Name: Pearl Oyster
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Coromandel Coast, East India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Trade & Commerce
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
Local fishermen " go ashore and sell two-thirds of their oysters to the [Dutch] company."
📖 Full Translated Text:
other fish whose names I do not know, having spent only a few days on this coast. At the bottom of this bay, the tip of Ceylon is on one side and on the other, the lands of Raja Ram Ramesetuou Malava form a strait called the Mannar Strait. The seabed is rocky. There is only eight to nine feet of water when boats come from the Malabar coast to go to the Coromandel coast. They pass through this strait to avoid the route on the other side of the strait to the south and the bay of Toutoucouvin, where pearls were once fished. There has been no fishing for fifteen years. The sandbar has become covered with sand and killed the oysters. The Dutch are the masters of this fishery. They have several trading posts on this coast. Fishermen who go fishing for large chanques can only sell them to the Dutch at a low price and are strictly forbidden from selling to others under penalty of punishment. Large chanques are called janguis. The Dutch Company and private individuals bring them to Bengal, forty to fifty thousand every year. Sometimes a hundred thousand. They sell for 16 rupees per hundred in Bengal. If the Dutch Company bought them all, it could make more than a hundred thousand, but it only sells about half of what it buys from the fishermen. Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine. When the Dutch went pearl fishing every two or three years, they would notify all the fishermen on the coast of Malabar, Toutoucouvin, Malava and Coromandel to come. In January, they would go pearl fishing. Several fishermen would get together in their boats and go to Toutoucouvin. Those who did not have boats were provided with them by the company and anchored their boats at intervals. The divers have a weight attached to a strong rope from the boat to help them reach the bottom. There are four or five fathoms of water, and when the diver has collected enough oysters, he signals by pulling on the rope. Those in the boat pay attention, pull the diver up, and put the oysters in the boat. In the evening, they go ashore and sell two-thirds of their oysters to the [Dutch] company. Merchants buy these oysters at random, leaving them in the sun to open, and then extract the pearls. I do not know the value of this catch. The pearls are not as good or as beautiful as those from Bahrain in the Gulf of Pearls near this island. The fishing takes place every year and the oysters are taken to Surat to be sold, sorted and drilled. Like most of Ceylon, the shores are rocky. Ambergris is collected there as it comes loose from the rocks, but I do not know how much is collected. It is good quality.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (8)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Pearl Oyster" - [FR: Perle]

ID: 104 | ID2: 8
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Perle
Vernacular Name: Pearl Oyster
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Coromandel Coast, East India.
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The pearls are not as good or as beautiful as those from Bahrain in the Gulf of Pearls near this island.
📖 Full Translated Text:
other fish whose names I do not know, having spent only a few days on this coast. At the bottom of this bay, the tip of Ceylon is on one side and on the other, the lands of Raja Ram Ramesetuou Malava form a strait called the Mannar Strait. The seabed is rocky. There is only eight to nine feet of water when boats come from the Malabar coast to go to the Coromandel coast. They pass through this strait to avoid the route on the other side of the strait to the south and the bay of Toutoucouvin, where pearls were once fished. There has been no fishing for fifteen years. The sandbar has become covered with sand and killed the oysters. The Dutch are the masters of this fishery. They have several trading posts on this coast. Fishermen who go fishing for large chanques can only sell them to the Dutch at a low price and are strictly forbidden from selling to others under penalty of punishment. Large chanques are called janguis. The Dutch Company and private individuals bring them to Bengal, forty to fifty thousand every year. Sometimes a hundred thousand. They sell for 16 rupees per hundred in Bengal. If the Dutch Company bought them all, it could make more than a hundred thousand, but it only sells about half of what it buys from the fishermen. Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine. When the Dutch went pearl fishing every two or three years, they would notify all the fishermen on the coast of Malabar, Toutoucouvin, Malava and Coromandel to come. In January, they would go pearl fishing. Several fishermen would get together in their boats and go to Toutoucouvin. Those who did not have boats were provided with them by the company and anchored their boats at intervals. The divers have a weight attached to a strong rope from the boat to help them reach the bottom. There are four or five fathoms of water, and when the diver has collected enough oysters, he signals by pulling on the rope. Those in the boat pay attention, pull the diver up, and put the oysters in the boat. In the evening, they go ashore and sell two-thirds of their oysters to the [Dutch] company. Merchants buy these oysters at random, leaving them in the sun to open, and then extract the pearls. I do not know the value of this catch. The pearls are not as good or as beautiful as those from Bahrain in the Gulf of Pearls near this island. The fishing takes place every year and the oysters are taken to Surat to be sold, sorted and drilled. Like most of Ceylon, the shores are rocky. Ambergris is collected there as it comes loose from the rocks, but I do not know how much is collected. It is good quality.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (8)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Pearl Oyster" - [FR: Perle]

ID: 105 | ID2: 8
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Perle
Vernacular Name: Pearl Oyster
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Gujarat State, Surat
Region: West Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Trade & Commerce
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The fishing takes place every year and the oysters are taken to Surat to be sold, sorted and drilled.
📖 Full Translated Text:
other fish whose names I do not know, having spent only a few days on this coast. At the bottom of this bay, the tip of Ceylon is on one side and on the other, the lands of Raja Ram Ramesetuou Malava form a strait called the Mannar Strait. The seabed is rocky. There is only eight to nine feet of water when boats come from the Malabar coast to go to the Coromandel coast. They pass through this strait to avoid the route on the other side of the strait to the south and the bay of Toutoucouvin, where pearls were once fished. There has been no fishing for fifteen years. The sandbar has become covered with sand and killed the oysters. The Dutch are the masters of this fishery. They have several trading posts on this coast. Fishermen who go fishing for large chanques can only sell them to the Dutch at a low price and are strictly forbidden from selling to others under penalty of punishment. Large chanques are called janguis. The Dutch Company and private individuals bring them to Bengal, forty to fifty thousand every year. Sometimes a hundred thousand. They sell for 16 rupees per hundred in Bengal. If the Dutch Company bought them all, it could make more than a hundred thousand, but it only sells about half of what it buys from the fishermen. Shells the colour of pearls are fished in this bay, and various items are made from them on the shore. The natives of the country collect the sand, wash it and extract baroque pearl seeds, which they sell. I have seen some in Madras that are not of great value and are not expensive. They are used for medicine. When the Dutch went pearl fishing every two or three years, they would notify all the fishermen on the coast of Malabar, Toutoucouvin, Malava and Coromandel to come. In January, they would go pearl fishing. Several fishermen would get together in their boats and go to Toutoucouvin. Those who did not have boats were provided with them by the company and anchored their boats at intervals. The divers have a weight attached to a strong rope from the boat to help them reach the bottom. There are four or five fathoms of water, and when the diver has collected enough oysters, he signals by pulling on the rope. Those in the boat pay attention, pull the diver up, and put the oysters in the boat. In the evening, they go ashore and sell two-thirds of their oysters to the [Dutch] company. Merchants buy these oysters at random, leaving them in the sun to open, and then extract the pearls. I do not know the value of this catch. The pearls are not as good or as beautiful as those from Bahrain in the Gulf of Pearls near this island. The fishing takes place every year and the oysters are taken to Surat to be sold, sorted and drilled. Like most of Ceylon, the shores are rocky. Ambergris is collected there as it comes loose from the rocks, but I do not know how much is collected. It is good quality.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (8)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 107 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: The Maldives
Region: Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing Techniques & Equipment
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 108 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: The Maldives
Region: Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Trade & Commerce
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
Sell the cowries for rice and other necessities.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 109 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: The Maldives
Region: Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Price
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 110 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: Madras, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Price
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 120 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: Nicobar Islands, India
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 121 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: The Maldives
Region: Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 122 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: Thailand
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 123 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: Manila, Philippines.
Region: West Pacific
Ocean: Pacific
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 124 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: Thailand
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Cypraeidae - "Cowrie Shells" - [FR: Cauris]

ID: 125 | ID2: 9
Document Type: Received
Original French Name: Cauris
Vernacular Name: Cowrie Shells
Scientific Name: Cypraeidae
Location: The Maldives
Region: Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Price
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
📖 Full Translated Text:
On the Maldives islands, cowrie shells are fished along the coast using nets, and divers find them attached to rocks. They still use coconut branches, which they dip into the water and attach to the ground. Every day, they pull up these branches and find cowries attached to them, leave them in the sun or bury them to draw out the poison, and sell the cowries for rice and other necessities. It is estimated that the Maldives have twelve thousand inhabited islands. The inhabitants of each island give the king fifty cowrie shells per year for the right to fish for cowries and fish. Each cowrie shell is worth 9 when each is worth 16 ponis and each ponis is worth 80 cowries. One cowrie shell can be worth four Madras rupees when pulled.The cowries are small and light. Ambergris is also fished. The inhabitants are obliged to give it to the king, as it belongs to him. The inhabitants do not allow it to be sold in secret. It is good ambergris. In the Maldives, they catch large quantities of sea bream, which they cut into pieces as big as large sausages, a palm's length long, and put the fish in the sun without salting it. It becomes like a piece of wood. Then they sell it for 70 lavis per thousand pieces to take to Chin [?], which is 32 rupees. In Chin, they are sold for 10 taels per thousand, which is 70 rupees, sometimes more and sometimes less. Every year, a hundred barrels are extracted, sometimes two hundred. Sea coconuts [?] are also fished, which detach themselves from the rocks that belong to the king. The coconuts are very curious to see. The flesh inside is used for medicine. In the Nicobar Islands, cowries are fished, as in the Maldives, and are very white. In Siam and Manila, cowries are fished. They are marked with black and are cheaper than those from the Maldives.
Source: ANF, 127AP3-8 Bengal and Indian ocean (9)j
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Ostreidae - "Oyster" - [FR: Huitre]

ID: 128 | ID2: 10
Document Type: Sent
Original French Name: Huitre
Vernacular Name: Oyster
Scientific Name: Ostreidae
Location: Bay of Bengal
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Observation
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
If there are many oysters in the region and what species they are.
Source: Bengal, Gange Indian Ocean (form) (1)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Anthozoa - "Coral" - [FR: Corail]

ID: 133 | ID2: 11
Document Type: Sent
Original French Name: Corail
Vernacular Name: Coral
Scientific Name: Anthozoa
Location: Ganga Trough, Bay of Bengal
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Trade & Commerce
📝 Data Remarks / Observations:
Preparation and trade of coral in Bengal
Source: Bengal, Gange Indian Ocean (form) (2)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗

Mollusca - "Shellfish" - [FR: Coquillage]

ID: 136 | ID2: 11
Document Type: Sent
Original French Name: Coquillage
Vernacular Name: Shellfish
Scientific Name: Mollusca
Location: Ganga Trough, Bay of Bengal
Region: East Indian
Ocean: Indian
Year: 1722
Data Type: Fishing
Source: Bengal, Gange Indian Ocean (form) (2)
Recorded By: Emma Millet
Original Document: View Source ↗